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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: MELAS - Biochemistry back up, hearing loss in mother, complex I (NADH DH) does Pump H+, mitochondrial tRNA gene on dihydrouridine arm for Leucine tRNA, mother suggesting a Maternal Pattern of Inheritance, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> leaking of Ca </mtext> <none/> <mtext> 2+ </mtext> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </math> activates harmful protease, such as calpain, FAD reduced to form <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> FADH </mtext> <mtext> 2 </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </math>, mtDNA mutation can cause deficiences of complex I (NADH DH), various tissue including muscle cell, nicotinamide forms NADH, Pyruvate converted by lactate DH, ascorbate (Vit C) neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS), np 3243 on mitochondrial tRNA gene, incomplete process of oxygen increases the production of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mtext> superoxide </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> (O </mtext> <mtext> 2 </mtext> <mtext> - </mtext> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> ) </mtext> </mrow> </math>, complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex) their deficiency causes incomplete process of oxygen, mutant load in various tissue, hearing loss in grandmother, complex IV (cytochrome a+a3) causing Disrupted e- transfer, CoQ10 can eventually increase inner membrane uncoupling, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mtext> superoxide </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> (O </mtext> <mtext> 2 </mtext> <mtext> - </mtext> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> ) </mtext> </mrow> </math> causes mtDNA damage, stroke-like symptoms such as slight Rt-sided hemiparesis